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Indian Journal of Weed Science


Print ISSN: 0253-8050
Online ISSN: 0974-8164

NAAS rating: 5.17

Chief Editor

J.S. Mishra
Dr. J.S. Mishra
Principal Scientist, Division of Crop Research,
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region,
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800014 (Bihar)
Mobile - +91 9494240904
Email- editorisws@gmail, jsmishra31@gmail.com

Associate editors

Bhagirath S. Chauhan

Dr. Bhagirath Singh Chauhan
Queensland Alliance for Agricultureand Food Innovation
Level 2, Queensland Bioscience Precinct
The University of Queensland
St Lucia QLD 4069, Australia
Email: b.chauhan@uq.edu.au
A.N. Rao
Dr. A.N. Rao
Hydarabad, INDIA
Mobile Number: +91 9440372165
Email: adusumilli.narayanarao@gmail.com

CALL FOR RESEARCH PAPER

Indian Journal of Weed Science is inviting your articles, review article, Research article and Research note on all topics of weed science. IJWS welcomes quality work that focuses on research, development and review. We are looking forward for strict compliance to the modern age standards in all these fields. Authors across the globe are welcome to submit their research papers in the prestigious journal fulfilling the requisite criterion.

Indian Journal of Weed Science (IJWS) is inviting papers for the VOL-53, ISSUE-1 March-(2021)


Article submission guideline

Enter your login details for IJWS below. If you do not already have an account you will need to.. Register here
Author login
  • Author Instruction
  • Style of Invited paper
  • Style of Research Article
  • Style of Research note

Paper Publication Process –

  • Manuscripts are received online in the editorial office with the certificate that MS has not been sent for consideration in any other journals for consideration.
  • Manuscripts are checked by office for its style and pattern and for plagiarism. If plagiarism is more than 20%, it is not considered and sent back to author for revision and re-submission.
  • If MS is found fit at Editorial office in context to plagiarism and style and pattern, it is sent to Chief Editor for further processing.
  • If chief Editor find the MS suitable for consideration, he shall suggest two name of referees as reviewers either from editorial board or from other institutions of concern discipline for reviewing the MS.
  • Editorial Office shall send the MS for double blind review to the reviewers suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Comments of double -blind reviewers will be sent to corresponding author without disclosing the identity of the reviewers to address the comments and re-submission of MS.
  • In case, one reviewer rejects while other accept the MS, it is sent to third reviewer suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Revised MS is again sent to reviewers to see whether their comments are addressed suitably.
  • On agreeing by the reviewers, the MS is again sent to Chief Editors with comments of reviewers and reply of author to take the final decision.
  • The final decision of Chief Editor is communicated to authors.

CALL FOR RESEARCH PAPER

Indian Journal of Weed Science is inviting your articles, review article, Research article and Research note on all topics of weed science. IJWS welcomes quality work that focuses on research, development and review. We are looking forward for strict compliance to the modern age standards in all these fields. Authors across the globe are welcome to submit their research papers in the prestigious journal fulfilling the requisite criterion.

Indian Journal of Weed Science (IJWS) is inviting papers for the VOL-51, ISSUE-4 December-(2019)


Article submission guideline

Enter your login details for IJWS below. If you do not already have an account you will need to.. Register here
Author login
  • Author Instruction
  • Style of Invited paper
  • Style of Research Article
  • Style of Research note

Paper Publication Process –

  • Manuscripts are received online in the editorial office with the certificate that MS has not been sent for consideration in any other journals for consideration.
  • Manuscripts are checked by office for its style and pattern and for plagiarism. If plagiarism is more than 20%, it is not considered and sent back to author for revision and re-submission.
  • If MS is found fit at Editorial office in context to plagiarism and style and pattern, it is sent to Chief Editor for further processing.
  • If chief Editor find the MS suitable for consideration, he shall suggest two name of referees as reviewers either from editorial board or from other institutions of concern discipline for reviewing the MS.
  • Editorial Office shall send the MS for double blind review to the reviewers suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Comments of double -blind reviewers will be sent to corresponding author without disclosing the identity of the reviewers to address the comments and re-submission of MS.
  • In case, one reviewer rejects while other accept the MS, it is sent to third reviewer suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Revised MS is again sent to reviewers to see whether their comments are addressed suitably.
  • On agreeing by the reviewers, the MS is again sent to Chief Editors with comments of reviewers and reply of author to take the final decision.
  • The final decision of Chief Editor is communicated to authors.
Read More

Guidelines for Authors

Indian Journal of Weed Science is a quarterly journal publishing original research article, research notes, opinion articles and review articles (invited or with prior approval of the title reflecting substantial contributions of the author) covering all areas of weed science research. All contributions must be of a sufficient quality to extend our knowledge in weed science.

The papers submitted should not have been published or communicated elsewhere. Authors will be solely responsible for the factual accuracy of their contribution. Manuscript should not carry any material already published in the same or different forms.

  • Style of Invited paper
  • Style of Research Article
  • Style of Research note

Format

Full length article should be suitably divided into the following sub-sections; ABSTRACT, Key words, INTRODUCTION, MATERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and REFERENCES. The heading, introduction need not be mentioned in the text.

Title

The title of article should be informative but concise and should not contain abbreviations. It should indicate the content of the article essential for key word indexing and information retrieval. It should be set in small and bold letters. A good title briefly identifies the subject, indicates the purpose of study and introduces key terms and concepts. Title should not be started with the waste words like 'a study of', 'effect of', 'influence of' , 'some observations on', 'a note of' etc. The title should indicate preferably English name or most popular common name of the crops or organisms studied, wherever relevant. Scientific name can be given in abstract and introduction. Authority for such a name should be given at first mention in the text. A short title should be given for running headlines and should cover the main theme of the article.

Author(s) name(s) and affiliations

The name(s) of the author(s) should be given in small letters with sentence case separated by 'comma' or by 'and'. Institute name where the research was carried out should be given in italics. If authors are of different institutes, these can be mentioned by allotting number like 1, 2 or 3 as superscript over the name of author. The affiliation of such author may be given below of the corresponding author email address. Sometimes authors retire and change frequently and wish to give their current address, this should be given as foot note. Email address of main author or corresponding author should be given at the bottom.

Abstract

The abstract should contain at least one sentence on each of the following: objective of investigation (hypothesis, purpose, collection, result and conclusions). Give complete scientific name for plants or other organisms and full name of any symbol or abbreviations used. There is a need to mention place, name and priod of study in abstract. Emphasis should be given to highlight the results and the conclusion of the study. It should not exceed a total length of 200-250 words. Abstract should not have the words like 'will be explained or will be discussed'.

Key words

(5 6) should be given at the end of the abstract and should be arranged alphabetically. Each key word should be started with capital letter and separated by comma ( , ) from other words.

Introduction

Introduction should be brief and to the point, cover the problem and should justify the work or the hypothesis on which it is based. In introduction, a detail review is not necessary. However, to orient readers, important references about previous concepts and research should be given. It should briefly state the currently available information and should identify the research gap that is expected to be abridged through this investigation. Give preference to recent references from standard research publication unless it is of historical importance or a landmark in that field.

Materials and Methods

This part should begin with information relating to period/season/year and place of study, climate or weather conditions, soil type etc. Treatment details along with techniques and experimental design, replications, plot size etc. should be clearly indicated. Use of symbols for treatments may be avoided and an abbreviation should be fully explained at its first mention. Crop variety, methodology for application and common cultivation practices should be mentioned. Known methods may be just indicated giving reference but new techniques developed and followed should be described in detail. Methods can be divided into suitable sub-headings, typed in bold at first level and in italics at second level, if necessary.

Results and Discussion

Results may be reported and discussed together to avoid duplication. Do not mention and recite the data in the text as such given in the table. Instead interpret it suitably by indicating in terms of per cent, absolute change or any other derivations. Relate results to the objectives with suitable interpretation of the references given in the introduction. If results differ from the previous study, suitable interpretation and justification should be given. Repeated use of statements like 'our results are in agreement’ or ā€˜similar results were reported’ 'should be avoided. At the end of results and discussion, conclusion of the study should be given in 2-3 sentences along with suggestion for further study, if any. All statistical comparisons among treatments may be made at P=0.05 level of probability.

Acknowledgement

The authors may place on record the help and cooperation or any financial help received from any source, person or organization for this study. This should be very brief.

References

Only relevant and recent references of standard work should be quoted. Preference should be given to quote references of journals over proceedings or reports. In general, not more than 15 references should be quoted in full paper and 5 in short communication. However, in review article, emphasis should be given to quote more references with each valid statement/findings in the text. There is no need to give references for standard procedures of soil and plant analysis, and for routine statistical analysis in practice, only the methodology may be indicated. As a thumb rule, all the references quoted in the text must appear at the end of the article and vice-verse. It has been decided to use full name of the journal after the year 2011 onwards. Therefore, references should include names of all authors, year, full title of the article quoted, full name of the journal in italics (no abbreviations), volume number (in Bold), issue number (in brackets) and pages. For books, monographs, theses etc. full title in italics, publisher or university name, volume no., if any, and relevant page range or total no. of pages should be given. The list of references should be arranged alphabetically on author's names and chronologically per author. Author name should be started with surname and initial letter with capital letter. There is no need to separate author's initials by full stop but it should be given in capital letters without gap. Each author name should be separated by comma (,) and last author name by ā€˜and’. A few examples of correct citation of references for Indian Journal of Weed Science are given below:

Singh Samunder, Punia SS, Yadav A and Hooda VS. 2011. Evaluation of carfentrazone-ethyl + metsulfuron-methyl against broadleaf weeds of wheat. Indian Journal of Weed Science 43(1&2): 12-22.

Neeser C and Varshney Jay G. 2001. Purple nutsedge; biology and principles for management without herbicides, Indian Journal of Pulses Research 14(1): 10-19.

Naseema A, Praveena R and Salim AM. 2004. Ecofriendly management of water hyacinth with a mycoherbicide and cashew nut shell liquid. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 10(1&2): 93-100.

Arya DR, Kapoor RD and Dhirajpant. 2008. Herbicide tolerant crops: a boon to Indian agriculture, pp 23-31. In: Biennial Conference on Weed Management in Modern Agriculture: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities. (Eds. Sharma RS, Sushilkumar, Mishra JS, Barman KK and Sondhia Shobha), 27-28 February 2008, Patna. Indian Society of Weed Science, Jabalpur.

Anonymous. 2006. Long-term herbicide trial in transplanted lowland rice-rice cropping system, pp 62-68. In: Annual Progress Report, AICRP on Weed Control, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

DWSR. 2010. Annual Report, 2010-11, pp 35-37. Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur.

Gopal B and Sharma KP. 1981. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) the most troublesome weeds of the world. Hindasia Publisher, New Delhi, 129 p.

Sushilkumar, Sondhia S and Vishwakarma K. 2003. Role of insects in suppression of problematic alligator weed (Altemanthera philoxeroides) and testing of herbicides for its integrated management. Final Report of ICAR Adhoc Project, 39 p.

For Web references: the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. e.g. http://www.faostat.fao.org (accessed 21 May 2019)

Length

Paper TypeMaximum Length (including tables and figures)
Research Article6000 words
Research note4000 words
Review8000 words
Mini-Review5000 words

Units, abbreviations and nomenclature

For physical units, unit names and symbols, the SI system should be employed. Biological names should be given according to the latest international nomenclature. Upon its first use in the title, abstract and text, the common name of a weed should be followed by the scientific name (genus, species and authority) in parentheses. If no common name exists in English, the scientific name should be used only. At the first mention of an herbicide or other chemical substance, give its generic name only. Trade names should not be used. Biological and zoological names, gene designations and gene symbols should be italicized. Yield data should be reported in kg/ha or t/ha. All such letters such as viz., et al., in situ, ex situ, Rabi, Kharif, i.e., etc. should be italicized.

Tables and figures

Tables and figures should be concise and limited to the necessary minimum. We encourage the authors to set tables and figures at the appropriate places in the article but if it is not possible, the same may be given separately. The title should fully describe the contents of the table and explain any symbol or abbreviations used in it. The standard abbreviations of the units of different parameters should be indicated in parentheses. Vertical lines should not be given in the tables and horizontal lines should be used to separate parameters and end of the table.

Figures may be preferred in place of table. In no case the same data should be presented by both tables and figures. While presenting data through line graphs, vertical bars, cylinders, pie charts etc, the same should be preferred with black lines or bars having different clear symbols and shades. The graphs chosen with colours reproduce poorly and should not be given unless it became necessary.

Some useful tips

Avoid numerals and abbreviations at the beginning of a sentence. Don't use superscript for per hectare, ton or meter (kg ha-1 or t ha-1) instead use kg/ha or g/m2, t/ha, mg/g, ml/l etc. Prefer to mention yield data in t/ha only. If it becomes necessary, give yield in kg/ha but not in quintal. Don't use lakh, crores or arabs in text, instead give such figures in million. Only standard abbreviations should be used and invariably be explained at first mention. Avoid use of self-made abbreviations like iso., buta., rizo., etc. Don't use first letter capital for names of plant protection chemicals but it should be used for trade names. Use of treatment symbols like T1 T2 T3 etc. should be avoided. All weights and measurements must be in SI or metric units. Use % after double digit figures, not per cent, for example 10% not 10 per cent. In a series of range of measurement, mention the units only at the end, e.g. 3,4,5 kg/ha instead of 3 kg/ha, 4 kg/ha and 5 kg/ha. Nutrient doses as well as concentration in soil and plant should be given in elemental form only, i.e. P and K should not be given as P2O5 K2O. A variety may be mentioned within single quotes in italic such as 'Pusa Basmai', 'Kufri Sinduri' etc. Statistical data should be given in LSD (P=0.05) instead CD (P=0.05).

Authors are requested to see the recent issue of the journal to prepare the manuscript as per the journal's format.

Manuscript submission

Manuscripts must conform to the journal style (see the latest issue). Correct language is the responsibility of the author. After having received a contribution, there will be a review process, before the Chief Editor makes the definitive decision upon the acceptance for publication. Referee's comments along with editors comments will be communicated to authors as scanned copy/soft copy through email. After revision, author should send back the copy of revised manuscripts to the Chief Editor, ISWS by e-mail only.

Editorial Board reserves the right to suitably modify, accept or reject the MS in view on the reviewer's advice.

We encourage submission of paper only by electronically via E-mail as one complete word document file. When preparing your file, please use only Times New Roman font for text (title 16, all heads 14 and text of 12 point, double spacing with 1.5" margin all the sides) and Symbol font for Greek letters to avoid inadvertent character substitutions.

All manuscripts should be submitted Online (http://www.isws.org.in/login_IJWS.aspx). For authors unable to submit their manuscript online

To see sample copy to prepare the manuscript, please Log on: http://www.isws.org.in/IJWSn/Journal.aspx

Peer Review Policy

All published articles in Indian Journal of Weed Science (IJWS) are subjected to rigorous peer review processes based on initial editor screening and anonymized refereeing by two referees. The ultimate purpose of peer review is to sustain the originality and quality of research work and filtration of poor quality and plagiarized articles. Peer review assures research quality.

Paper Publication Process –

  • Manuscripts are received online in the editorial office with the certificate that MS has not been sent for consideration in any other journals for consideration.
  • Manuscripts are checked by office for its style and pattern and for plagiarism. If plagiarism is more than 20%, it is not considered and sent back to author for revision and re-submission.
  • If MS is found fit at Editorial office in context to plagiarism and style and pattern, it is sent to Chief Editor for further processing.
  • If chief Editor find the MS suitable for consideration, he shall suggest two name of referees as reviewers either from editorial board or from other institutions of concern discipline for reviewing the MS.
  • Editorial Office shall send the MS for double blind review to the reviewers suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Comments of double -blind reviewers will be sent to corresponding author without disclosing the identity of the reviewers to address the comments and re-submission of MS.
  • In case, one reviewer rejects while other accept the MS, it is sent to third reviewer suggested by Chief Editor.
  • Revised MS is again sent to reviewers to see whether their comments are addressed suitably.
  • On agreeing by the reviewers, the MS is again sent to Chief Editors with comments of reviewers and reply of author to take the final decision.
  • The final decision of Chief Editor is communicated to authors.

Peer Review Policy

The practice of peer review is to ensure that only good science is published. It is an objective process at the heart of good scholarly publishing and is carried out by all reputable scientific journals. Our reviewers therefore play a vital role in maintaining the high standards of the (Indian Journal of Weed Science) Journal of Management and Research and all manuscripts are peer reviewed following the procedure outlined below.

Initial manuscript evaluation

The Editors first evaluate all manuscripts. In some circumstances it is entirely feasible for an exceptional manuscript to be accepted at this stage. Those rejected at this stage are insufficiently original, have serious scientific flaws, have poor grammar or English language, or are outside the aims and scope of the journal. Those that meet the minimum criteria are passed on to experts for review.

Authors of manuscripts rejected at this stage will be informed within 2 weeks of receipt.

Type of Peer Review

The (Indian Journal of Weed Science) employs double blind review, where the reviewer remains anonymous to the authors throughout the process.

How the reviewer is selected

Reviewers are matched to the paper according to their expertise. Our reviewer database contains reviewer contact details together with their subject areas of interest, and this is constantly being updated.

Reviewer reports

Reviewers are asked to evaluate whether the manuscript:

  • Is original
  • Is methodologically sound
  • Follows appropriate ethical guidelines
  • Has results which are clearly presented and support the conclusions
  • Correctly references previous relevant work

Reviewers are not expected to correct or copyedit manuscripts. Language correction is not part of the peer review process. Reviewers are requested to refrain from giving their personal opinion in the "Reviewer blind comments to Author" section of their review on whether or not the paper should be published. Personal opinions can be expressed in the "Reviewer confidential comments to Editor" section.

How long does the peer review process take?

Typically the manuscript will be reviewed within 2-8 weeks. Should the reviewers' reports contradict one another or a report is unnecessarily delayed a further expert opinion will be sought. Revised manuscripts are usually returned to the Editors within 3 weeks and the Editors may request further advice from the reviewers at this time. The Editors may request more than one revision of a manuscript.

Final report

A final decision to accept or reject the manuscript will be sent to the author along with any recommendations made by the reviewers, and may include verbatim comments by the reviewers.
Chief Editor's Decision is final
Reviewers advise the Editors, who are responsible for the final decision to accept or reject the article.

Special Issues / Conference Proceedings

Special issues and/or conference proceedings may have different peer review procedures involving, for example, Guest Editors, conference organizers or scientific committees. Authors contributing to these projects may receive full details of the peer review process on request from the editorial office.

Becoming a Reviewer for the (Indian Journal of Weed Science)

If you are not currently a reviewer for the (Indian Journal of Weed Science) but would like to be considered as a reviewer for this Journal, please contact the editorial office by e-mail at (editorisws@gmail.com), and provide your contact details. If your request is approved and you are added to the online reviewer database you will receive a confirmatory email, asking you to add details on your field of expertise, in the format of subject classifications.

Editorial Board

Editorial office:

Office Manager, Indian Society of Weed Science, ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, Maharajpur, Jabalpur, India 482 004

Publisher Address:

Secretary, Indian Society of Weed Science, ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, Maharajpur, Jabalpur, India 482 004

Principal Scientist
Division of Crop Research
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region
Bihar Veterinary College, Patna - 800014 (Bihar)

Chief Editor J.S. Mishra 9494240904 jsmishra31@gmail.com

The University of Queensland
St Lucia QLD 4069, Australia

Associate Editor Bhagirath Singh Chauhan b.chauhan@uq.edu.au

Consultant,
ICRISAT,
International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics
Patancheru, Hyderabad

Associate Editor A.N. Rao 9440372165 adusumilli.narayanarao@gmail.com

Editors

Professor,
Department of Agronomy, CCSHAU,
Hisar-125 004 (Haryana)

Ashok Kumar Yadav 9416995523 aky444@gmail.com

Professor & Head,
Division of Agronomy
FoA, Main Campus,
Chatha, SKUAST-Jammu (J&K)

B.C. Sharma 9419152428 drbhagwati@gmail.com

Principal
Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture
Affiliated to TNAU)
Manakkadavu, Pollachi-642103 (Tamil Nadu)

C. Chinnusamy 9443721575 chinnusamyc@gmail.com

Scientist,
ICAR - Directorate of Weed Research,
Jabalpur (Madhya Padesh)

Dibakar Ghosh 8989190213 dghoshagro@gmail.com

Principal Scientist
Department of Agronomy,
Assam Agricultural University
Jorhat - 785013 (Assam)

I.C. Barua 9435094326 iswar_barua@yahoo.co.in

Principal Scientist
PJTSAU, Hyderabad-30 (Telangana)

M. Madhavi 9491021999 molluru_m@yahoo.com

Assistant Agronomist
Directorate of Agriculture (Govt. of WB)
Kolkata 700001, West Bengal

Malay Kumar Bhowmick 9434239688 bhowmick_malay@rediffmail.com

Associate Professor
(Soil Science & Agrl. Chemistry)
Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College & Research Institute (TNAU),
Trichy (Tamil Nadu)

P. Janaki 9443936160 janakibalamurugan@rediffmail.com

Assistant Chemist (Residue),
Department of Agronomy,
Punjab Agricultural University
Ludhina-141 004 (Punjab)

Pervinder Kaur 9646105418 pervi_7@yahoo.co.in

Sr. Agronomist, Directorate of Extension Education
Punjab Agricultural University
Ludhiana – 141004 (Punjab)

Simerjeet Kaur 9814081108 simer@pau.edu

College of Horticulture,
Vellanikkara. Thrissur – 680 656, (Kerala)

T. Girija 9447004940 girijavijai@gmail.com

Principal Scientist,
Directorate of Maize Research,
Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012

C.M. Parihar 9013172214 pariharcm@gmail.com

Indexing Indexing & Abstracting Services


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Volume- 46 | Issue-1 (Jan-Mar) | Year 2014

Research needs for improving weed management in rice
B.S. Chauhan, Vivek Kumar and G. Mahajan
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 46 Page No:1-13 |
Address & Email | Article preview | View PFD | Download

Abstract:

Weeds are the most important biological constraints to increasing rice productivity in Asia. They are managed by using herbicides; however, reliance on herbicides alone is not sustainable in the long run. There is thus, a need to develop sustainable weed management strategies in different rice-based cropping systems. The development and adoption of improved weed management strategies must form an integral part of sustainable rice production. Improved weed management techniques in rice should focus on shifting the crop-weed balance in favour of rice by integrating possible cultural, physical, and biological weed management tools with judicious use of herbicides. Together, these approaches may be used as components of an integrated package in the future to slow down the evolution of new weed problems in rice production. The improved weed management approaches should aim to reduce the weed seed bank before crop sowing and reduce weed emergence and weed growth in rice

Email

b.chauhan@uq.edu.au

Address

International Rice Research Institute, Los BaƱos, Manila, Philippines 4030
Weedy rice: problems and its management
Sanjoy Saha, B.C. Patra, Sushmita Munda and T. Mohapatra
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 46 Page No:14-22 |
Address & Email | Article preview | View PFD | Download

Abstract:

Weedy rice belongs to the same genus and species as cultivated rice but with different forms. It appears as hybrid swarms due to introgression of genes between wild and cultivated species in nature. In Asian rice, it is known as Oryza sativa  var. spontanea whereas in African context it is said as O. sativa var. stapfii. It grows faster; produces more tillers, panicles and biomass; makes better use of available N; shatters earlier; has better resistance to adverse conditions; and possesses longer dormancy in soil. Because of its high competitive ability, it becomes a serious threat to rice growers worldwide. Great morphological variability, similar growth behavior and high biological affinity with cultivated varieties make its control difficult. No single management technique can effectively control weedy rice. An appropriate combination of preventive, cultural, mechanical and chemical control measures is essential.

 

 

Email

ssahacrri@gmail.com

Address

Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753 006
Integrated weed management in conservation agriculture systems
A.R. Sharma and V.P. Singh
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 46 Page No:23-30 |
Address & Email | Article preview | View PFD | Download

Abstract:

Conservation agriculture (CA) technologies involve minimum soil disturbance, soil cover through crop residues or other cover crops, and crop rotations. Weeds are a major constraint in adoption of CA-based technologies. Conservation tillage influences weed infestation, and thus interactions between tillage and weed control practices are commonly observed in crop production. There are reports available that zero tillage increases as well as reduces infestation of certain weed species in different crops. In rainy season when the weed problem is generally more, growing crops with zero tillage requires additional measures for effective weed control, including use of non-selective herbicides like paraquat and glyphosate. Zero-till sowing in standing crop residues along with application of herbicides in proper combination, sequence or in rotation leads to lower weed population and higher yield than conventional planting. However, changing from tillage-based farming to no-till farming is not easy. No-till incurs a greater risk of crop failure or lower net returns than conventional agriculture, and this perception has seriously hindered its adoption in countries outside north and south America. Yields of no-till crops may be lower by 5-10% in the initial years, especially on fine-textured and poorly-drained soils. No-till farming demands use of extra N fertilizer and heavy reliance on herbicides. The continued practice of no-till is, therefore, highly dependent on development of new herbicide formulations and integrated weed management options.

Email

sharma.ar@rediffmail.com

Address

Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482 004
Conservation agriculture and weed management in south Asia: perspective and development
R.K. Malik, Virender Kumar, Ashok Yadav and Andrew McDonald
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 46 Page No:31-35 |
Address & Email | Article preview | View PFD | Download

Abstract:

It was 20 years ago which marked the beginning of conservation agriculture (CA) with introduction of zero-tillage (ZT) in wheat to (1) reduce cultivation cost so that farmers can afford to purchase new but expensive alternate herbicides for the control of herbicide-resistant population of Phalaris minor Retz., the most troublesome weed of wheat, and (2) reduce land preparation period for timely wheat planting. Worldwide, CA has spread mostly in the rain-fed agriculture but India witnessed its success more in irrigated rice-wheat cropping systems (RWCS) of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). High input based crop culture in the North West IGP has enabled weeds such as P. minor in wheat and Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. in rice to dominate the weed flora. In wheat, zero tillage (ZT) is widely adopted by farmers in North West India and recently it is widely accepted by farmers in the eastern IGP also. In North West India, under ZT wheat, emergence and biomass of P. minor was reduced, but weed flora shifted toward more broad-leaf weeds such as Rumex dentatus (L.). In the Eastern IGP, perennial weeds such as Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. and Cyperus rotundus L. are also problematic weeds in some cases under ZT. In rice, the focus now is on dry direct-seeded rice (DSR) and machine transplanting of non-puddled rice (MTNPR) as an alternate option to puddled transplanted rice (PTR). Shifting from PTR to DSR results in changes in tillage, crop establishment method, water and weed management which often results in changes in weed composition and diversity. Weedy rice has emerged as a major threat for DSR in countries where DSR is widely adopted. In the eastern IGP, Physallis minima and Cyperus rotundus are also becoming major problematic weeds in DSR. Increased net profit for farmers by using this new technology was the main reason for rapid adoption of ZT. Since 2009, the Cereal Systems Initiatives for South Asia (CSISA), project funded by Gates Foundation and USAID and implemented by four consultative group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) (CG) Centers (CIMMYT, IRRI, IFPRI and ILRI) in collaboration with national partners, has explored options for sustainable intensification across the IGP, including CA-based crop management. This paper highlights the weed management scenario in conservation agriculture in India.

Email

rk.malik@cgiar.org

Address

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012
Biology and control measures of Orobanche
S.S. Punia
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 46 Page No:36-51 |
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Abstract:

Orobanche or broomrape obligate, troublesome root parasite which completely depends on the host plant to complete its life cycle. The host plants of Orobanche includes crucifers such as oilseed rape (Brassica spp.), broad bean (Vicia faba) and other crops belonging to Apiaceae, Asteraceae, and Solanaceae families. In India, Orobanche has emerged as a major threat to rapeseed mustard production. Many farmers have abandoned the cultivation of mustard under the threat of this parasitic weed. Orobanche  infestation is mostly confined to major mustard growing states of northern Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Western UP, and North East Madhya Pradesh. In Andhra Pardesh, 50% area under tabacco (40,000 ha) is infested with Orobanche and causing 50% crop losses. In Karnataka state, 90% area under tobacco is infested with this weed with 50-60% yield losses. Tomato crop is also infested with Orobanche spp. in Mewat and Bhiwani districts of Haryana. Depending upon the extent of infestation, environmental factors, soil fertility, and the crops’ response damage from Orobanche can range from zero to complete crop failure. Orobanche  aegyptiaca is the most dominating species in India; however, localized infestation of two other species namely O. cernua and O. ramosa has also been observed to some extent. In spite of continuous and extensive research by the scientists, no single method for effective and economical management of Orobanche is  available. Integration of cultural, preventive and chemical methods is required in spite of its  costly inputs. Following methods may be adopted in integration fashion: crop rotation with non-host crops like wheat, barley and chickpea depending on the irrigation facilities;  delayed sowing (25 October - 10 November) of mustard supplemented with higher seed rate;  use of organic manures in combination with increased fertilizer N dose for enhancing crop vigour; two sprays of glyphosate at 25 g/ha at 30 DAS and 50 g/ha at 55 days after sowing provided the crop does not experience any moisture stress at the time of spray; and hand removal/pulling of left-over emerging shoots before flowering to reduce weed seed bank in the soil

Email

puniasatbir@gmail.com

Address

Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125 004
Management of perennial weeds under non-cropland hill ecosystems
N.N. Angiras
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 46 Page No:52-60 |
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Abstract:

Lantana camara L.var. aculeata, Parthenium hysterophorus (L.), Chromolaena adenophorum Spreng., Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv,Urtica dioca (L.) and Ageratum houstonianum (Mill.) are the major obnoxious perennial weeds of non-cropland hill ecosystems. These weeds are difficult to control and have spread like a wild fire in almost all the state because of the favourable climatic conditions, ability to propagate by seeds, stems and roots, faster dissemination by wind, water, birds, animals, machinery etc. and ability to adapt adverse conditions of hills. These weeds have become more problematic in hilly regions due to availability of more uncultivated land. These weeds are responsible to suppress useful vegetation in pasture and grasslands, orchards, forests, tea gardens, field bunds and other cropped and non-cropped lands by their competitive and allelopathic effects. These are responsible to threat plant biodiversity, shrinkage of grazing land, economic losses to the forest wealth, reduction in productivity of grasslands up to 90%. The toxins present in these weeds are proving hazardous to the health of animals and human beings. Preventive, mechanical, chemical, biological, utilization and integrated methods to manage these obnoxious perennial weeds have been discussed in this paper. These weeds should be cut at frequent intervals before flowering to exhaust food reserves in their vegetative propagules, check production of seeds and their dissemination. The cut biomass should be utilized to prepare compost, as mulch, biogas production, making furniture, as fuel wood and other industrial uses as per the property of weed species. A three phased integrated technology to manage Lantana camara under different hill ecosystems has been developed and demonstrated in large areas. In waste lands and forestland ecosystems, biological agents like Zygogramma bicolorata, Cassia tora or Cassia sericea are effective to manage Parthenium, hence should be introduced to check the rampant growth of this weed. In pasture and grasslands, herbicides should only be used in integration with plantation of fast growing forage species, recommended fertilizer, and harvesting or grazing schedules. These integrated technologies to manage Parthenium, Lantana and Ageratum have been demonstrated on large scale in hilly regions. However, for effective results, these technologies need to be adopted on campaign basis with the active participation of public, Government, scientists and policy makers.

Email

angirasn@yahoo.co.in

Address

Department of Agronomy and Forage and Grassland Management, CSKHPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 062
Crop-weed interactions under climate change
V.S.G.R. Naidu and T.G.K. Murthy
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 46 Page No:61-65 |
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Abstract:

Weeds are major threat to agriculture and biodiversity as they out-compete crops and native species and contribute to land degradation. Changes in geographic distributions, abundances and life-cycles of weeds are the likely outcome of the effect of climate change. Natural evolution and certain specific characteristics such as short life cycles, dispersal mechanisms, may give the weeds a competitive advantage over less aggressive species under changing climate. Climate change may favour certain native plants to such an extent that they then become weeds. The dynamics of competition between weed and crop plants are affected by environmental conditions, and have been shown to change with atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, precipitation and adaphic factors. Invasive weeds like Lantana and Parthenium may become more aggressive under climate change especially due to increases in atmospheric CO2. Growth at elevated CO2 would result in anatomical, morphological and physiological changes that could influence herbicidal uptake rates, besides translocation and overall effectiveness. The physiological plasticity of weeds and their greater intraspecific genetic variation compared with most crops could provide weeds with a competitive advantage in a changing environment. There is a possibility that agricultural weed populations will evolve new traits in response to emerging climate and non-climate selection pressures.

Email

naidudwsr@gmail.com

Address

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh 533 105
Herbicides residues in soil, water, plants and non-targeted organisms and human health implications: an Indian perspective
Shobha Sondhia
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 46 Page No:66-85 |
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Abstract:

Herbicides use is increasing throughout the globe due to increasing labour cost, choice of application of herbicides, quick weed control in crop and non-crop areas. In India, herbicide use has increased up to 30% during the last 10 years in the country. Herbicides are chemical in nature, therefore, excessive and repeated use may pose residue problems, phytotoxicity to crop plants, residual effects on susceptible intercrops or succeeding crops, adverse effects on non-target organisms and ultimately health hazards to human and animals. Many herbicides are found as bound residues which make them not only unavailable to the targets but also polluting the soil ecosystem in a number of ways. Thus monitoring of these residues in soil, water, plants, fishes and other matrixes is very much important.  The fate of herbicide in soil depends on adsorption, absorption, volatilization, leaching, runoff, photodecomposition, degradation by microbial and chemical processes etc. In Indian tropical conditions, the half-life of imadazoline, phynylureas, sulfonylureas, triazines, chloroacetinalides, dinitroanilines, diethyl ethers, thiocarbamates, and fop group of herbicides in soil are found to varied 57-71, 13-60, 13-147, 12-58, 5-60, 12-77, 19-29, 19-24, and 8-24 days. At harvest, herbicides in various commodities were found either below the maximum residue limit or below detectable limits. Indirect effects of  herbicides are not common in India. However increasing incidences of intentionally acute pisioning by some of the herbicide such as butachlor, fluchloralin, paraquat, 2,4-D, pendimethalin, glyphosate etc. are emerging problem in India. Paraquat poisoning is an uncommon entity in India, and is associated with a high mortality rate. It can be concluded that in India herbicide contamination of soil, plants and natural waters occurs infrequently and at low levels.

Email

shobhasondia@yahoo.com

Address

Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482 004
Herbicide–tolerant GM crops in India: challenges and strategies
C. Chinnusamy, C. Nithya and D. Ravishankar
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 46 Page No:86-90 |
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Abstract:

Crops made resistant to herbicides by biotechnology are being widely adopted in various parts of the world. Those containing transgenes that impart resistance to post-emergence, non-selective herbicides such as glyphosate and glufosinate will have the major impact. These products allow the farmer to more effectively use reduced or no-tillage cultural practices, eliminate use of some of the more environmentally suspect herbicides and use fewer herbicides to manage nearly the entire spectrum of weed species. In some cases, non-selective herbicides used with herbicide resistant crops reduce plant pathogen problems because of the chemicals’ toxicity to certain microbes Herbicide tolerant crops can be produced by either insertion of a “foreign” gene (transgene) from another organism into a crop, or by regenerating herbicide tolerant mutants from existing crop germplasm. Biotech crops reached 160 million hectares, up 12 million hectares on 8% growth, from 2010 and 94 fold increase in hectarage from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 160 million hectares in 2011, makes biotech crops the fastest adopted crop technology in the history of modern agriculture. From the genesis of commercialization in 1996 to 2011, herbicide tolerance has consistently been the dominant trait. In 2011, herbicide tolerance deployed in soybean, maize, canola, cotton, sugar beet and alfalfa, occupied 59% or 93.9 million hectares of the global biotech area of 160 million hectares. Over the past few years, several herbicide resistant crops (HRCs), both transgenic and non-transgenic, have become available in many countries for commercial cultivation. But in India, the technology of herbicide tolerant crops is in initial stage of field evaluation.

Email

chinnusamyc@gmail.com

Address

Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 104
Predicting invasive plants using weed risk assessment
Mool Chand Singh and Madhu B. Priyadarshi
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 46 Page No:91-95 |
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Abstract:

Seeds and planting materials of different plant species are being imported into India. Many of these plants have the potential to become agricultural or environmental weeds and this risk needs to be assessed before allowing their entry. Weed risk assessment is a question based scoring system, containing 49 questions about the species. The questions include details of the plant’s climatic preferences, biological attributes, dispersal methods and reproduction. A minimum number of questions must be answered before an assessment is made. The weed risk assessment uses responses to the questions to generate a numerical score that is positively correlated with weediness. The assessment method was tested against 170 plants representing both weeds and useful plants from agriculture and environment. The method was judged on its ability to correctly reject weeds and accept non weeds. A total of 40% plants were classified as serious weeds, 30% as common weeds and remaining 30% were non weeds. The system is designed to be operated by plant quarantine officers. The weed risk assessment system with explicit scoring of biological, ecological and geographical attributes is a useful tool for detecting potentially invasive weeds in other areas of the world.

Email

mchsingh@gmail.com

Address

Division of Plant Quarantine, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110 012
Living with weeds - a new paradigm
Nimal Chandrasena
Review article | DOI: | Volume: 46 Page No:96-110 |
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Abstract:

Some people, particularly in developed countries, have strong negative attitudes towards weeds, and a tendency to label potentially useful plant resources as invasive ‘aliens’, which are to be controlled at any cost. This undesirable attitude ignores the considerable evidence of beneficial uses of weed species to many societies, over a long period of human history. The recent application of ‘species-focused’ weed risk assessments have contributed to the maligning of many plant taxa as ‘invaders’ in the public’s mind, undermining their worth as biological resources. Some of the methods used in the blitz against weeds, including the excessive use of herbicides, have resulted in undesirable consequences, such as herbicide resistance, and negative impacts on biodiversity in farming landscapes. Weeds maintain the biological diversity of farming landscapes, providing food and shelter for a variety of animals. Insects, which pollinate crops, extensively use weeds as a source of nectar, when crops are not in flower. Weeds also attract crop pests; and there is evidence that pest populations in some crops are much lower in ‘weedy fields’ than in ‘weed-free’ crops. As many of our primary crops have ‘weedy-relatives’, the genes present in weeds appear crucial for future evolution of crops, particularly to confer ‘hardiness’ (ability to tolerate variable environmental conditions). Some weed species contribute to aesthetic pleasure, as part of ‘wild nature’, while others provide culinary delights for humans, and are important as food sources for both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Many weeds with medicinal values continue to be used either as traditional ‘herbal’ remedies, or extracted for secondary metabolites. The colonising strengths of several species are being used in the remediation of water and terrestrial environments to scavenge soil pollutants. Globally, there is considerable interest in using the large biomass produced by these species as raw materials for countless household products, including bricks, paper and furniture; and as future bio-fuels.Therefore, within the field of weed science, a fresh look at weeds is essential. Perhaps, a new and bold paradigm should be ‘co-existing’ or ‘living with weeds’, recognising their intrinsic worth as part of biodiversity, and the many possible uses as bio-resources.

Email

nimal.chandrasena@ghd.com

Address

GHD Water Science Group, GHD Pty Ltd., Level 6, 20, Smith Street, Parramatta, NSW 2150, Australia

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