Bale direct system, Chaff carts, Harrington seed destructor, Narrow windrow burning, Weed competitive cultivars, Weed suppressive cultivars
Innovative approaches in weed management, namely harvest weed seed control (HWSC), weed-tolerant cultivars, and foam weed control, address the challenges posed by herbicide-resistant weeds and promote sustainable weed management. Firstly, HWSC offers a promising avenue for reducing weed populations and preserving the efficacy of herbicides. Methods such as chaff carts, chaff tramlining and chaff lining, narrow windrow burning, harrington seed destructor, and bale direct systems facilitate the collection and destruction of weed seeds at harvest. It disrupts the weed life cycle by destroying weed seeds before they return to the soil. Chaff tramlining and chaff lining, and narrow windrow burning are widely practiced in Australia and the USA due to their efficiency and economic feasibility. In contrast, bale direct systems and chaff carts may gain traction in developing countries where straw serves as livestock fodder. Secondly, weed-tolerant cultivars offer natural and sustainable weed control by leveraging rapid early growth, efficient canopy development, and allelo-chemicals to inhibit germination and suppress weed growth. However, these approaches pose challenges, including environmental specificity, trade-offs with crop yield, soil fertility, genetic diversity concerns, allelopathic effects, varietal selection challenges, and long-term stability. Thirdly, foam weed control enhances herbicide adhesion, reduces drift, and improves coverage. Mixing foam with hot water ensures efficient heat transfer to targeted plant tissues without dissipation into the atmosphere. However, its efficiency depends on factors such as the choice of foaming agent, foam concentration, foam persistence, water quality, application equipment, environmental conditions, weed species, growth stage, and application rate.