Clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, ion efflux, photosynthetic pigments, Phalaris minor, pinoxaden
Impact of aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides used since 1998 to control Phalaris minor in Haryana was evaluated during 2008-09 and 2009-10 under screen house conditions. Most of the populations evaluated against fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and clodinafop-propargyl exhibited either a high or a medium level of resistance in 2008-09. Similar results were obtained for clodinafop in 2009-10. Some of the populations were also susceptible to fenoxaprop (120 g/ha) indicating segregation of alleles for the resistant and susceptible traits as homozygous as well as heterozygous individuals in the progeny. Most of the populations were susceptible to phenylpyrazolin derivative- pinoxaden used at 25, 50 and 100 g/ha. However, a fraction of the populations exhibited insensitivity towards pinoxaden without any prior history of exposure. The data are supported by GR50 values, ion efflux tests and pigment retention tests. Selection pressure exerted by the aryloxyphenoxypropionate and/or urea herbicides could possibly be responsible for such an effect. Bioassay methods need to be developed for location specific identification of the resistance to herbicides and their early management.