Weed biology, germination, soil moisture, management strategy
Pot studies were carried out in the screen house for three years (2006-07 to 2008-09) to assess the role of seeding depth and flooding durations on the emergence of Malva parviflora, Rumex dentatus and R. spinosus. Seeding depths of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 cm and flooding durations of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 days were maintained with three replications. Maximum emergence was recorded from 1 cm depth which significantly decreased with increasing depths of 4 cm and higher, data averaged over species. Emergence of R. spinosus was significantly more compared to M. parviflora and R. dentatus from deeper depths. R. dentatus emergence was significantly reduced at 2 cm depth and there was no emergence beyond 4 cm unlike R. spinosus which was able to emerge even from 16 cm, though in reduced numbers. M. parviflora emergence was significantly reduced at 0, 4 and 8 cm, and had no emergence from 16 cm depth. Both species of Rumex showed good emergence when the seed was placed on soil surface (0 cm depth), though emergence was significantly less for M. parviflora compared to 0.5 to 2 cm depths. Flooding encouraged M. parviflora emergence, but inhibited R. spinosus and had no significant reduction in the emergence of R. dentatus except 40 days flooding. Increasing the flooding duration from 0 to 80 days increased the emergence of M. parviflora from 37 to 67%, whereas five days flooding period decreased emergence of R. spinosus by 54% compared to no flooding and no emergence was recorded after 40 days flooding. On the other hand, a flooding duration of 80 days resulted in lowering the emergence of R. dentatus by 46% only. The emergence and growth of R. dentatus was not suppressed by flooding duration except 80 days period. All the three species behaved uniquely to seeding depths and flooding durations and need characteristically different strategies for their management under field infestations. The greater propensity of R. dentatus to emerge from shallow depths can be exploited by tillage manipulations. Allowing the seed on the surface after crop harvest for its predation, greater emergence in the next growing season from surface and its killing by pre-seeding herbicide application or tillage can lower the soil seed bank. Placing seed deeper than 4 cm by tillage operations will also render the seed to lower and delayed emergence posing no competition to crops. Similarly, lower emergence of M. parviflora from surface and susceptibility of R. spinosus to flooding can be exploited to lower their menace.