Biostimulation, Deactivation, Enhanced Degradation, Herbicide, Management
Herbicides have become obligatory for increasing the agricultural production and to maintain the non-cropped area free from weeds and pests. In general, herbicides are formulated in such a way that they degrade from the environment after completion of their intended work, but a few of them persist in the environment and pose a serious hazard to the succeeding crop and also to the surroundings. Mostly the triaizines, isoxazolidinones, imidazolinones and a few of sulfonylureas are persistent herbicides. Hence, it is essential to compile the available literature on the management of herbicide residues in the soil environment. In this review, the management aspects were covered under five broad categories, viz. cultural and mechanical, enhanced degradation, deactivation, reducing the availability in soil, and removing from the site of contamination. From the review, it was found that the integration of mechanical and cultural management practices with herbicides for managing weeds is a viable protecting option since the safeners exhibit varying behaviour in soil on influencing the herbicide persistence. Further, the combination of bioaugmentation and biostimulation along with the organic matter addition might be a promising technology to accelerate the biodegradation. Although it requires extensive field evaluation studies, biostimulation in conjunction with other tools like crop rotation and increasing the organic matter content is definitely a promising technique for managing the herbicide persistence minimizing its residue in the soil.